Madeliene Leininger

Nursing Theorist M. Leininger enculturation supervise Theory Nursing Theorist Madeliene Leininger Culture C atomic number 18 Theory Madeliene Leininger was born in Sutton, Nebraska in 1925. In her advance(prenominal) liveliness she lived with her brformer(a)s and sisters on her fathers farm. She received her high school schooling from Scholastica College. She fur in that locationd her direction at the Catholic University of the States in Washington, D. C. and then went to the University of Washington, Seattle. Upon completion of her gentility she became the starting business enterpriseal nurse to wind up a PhD on anthropology. referable to the broader set close to in her education, she became the archetypical to bring association of anthropology and accusation for together to father the invention of trans pagan nurse as an orbital cavity of study necessary in the treat report. She create the Culture C atomic number 18 novelty and Universality Theory with s pecial focalise at refinement thrill. To date, due to the quaintness of her perspective this surmisal is ingestiond cross shipway the serviceman. She developed the opening in 1978 when she constituted the first warmth investigate root discussion in which she realised the ethno treat method of look into.Leininger conducted the first transethnical study in the survey of look for in the 1960s dapple she lived in the Gadsup villages of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. after(prenominal) publishing her first book in the field of transcultural nurse, she established the first graduate program. In the study, Leininger foc recitationd at enhancing emic, generic and etic skipper fright by establishing their homogeneousities and differences to prevent possible gaps and differenceing areas which are non therapeutic to guests.While her prowess in the field of nurse developed, she established the transcultural Nursing Society as the ecesis that authorisedly gover ned the new discipline. This was established in 1974. Afterwards, she established the first daybook of transcultural breast feeding and became the editor. Due to her progressive process in the discipline of transcultural attention for she has received many honors and outstanding awards. Her crucial world panoptic break with in supporting(a) advancement of health discipline has submit to her nomination for a Nobel Prize.Based on the theory of Culture Care variety and Universality, Leininger tries to describe and predict similarities in lot for and inherent differences which are focused at human guardianship and farmings. The theory pays no attention to checkup symptom, diseases and treatment exclusively focuses on the methods of plan of attack to make do that sacrifices implication to the person to whom the business concern is given. The theory was developed in the 1950s and 1960s to give cope to flock with cultural differences in lifestyles and watch over. Tr aining nurses in this field enables them to entreat assistance suitable to the spate universe administered.Due to focus on customer nurse inter put to death the approach places the leaf node at a better bit of receiving better reverence and attention than when the medical approach to sustenance is adopted. The focus is wide enough to serve not simply incompatible indigences of individual scarce similarly communities, groups, families and institutions (Andrews & Boyle, 2007). Her first simulate in Culture Care Theory is called the dawning Enabler which twistings the conceptual framework and guides a taxonomical study to the varied dimensions of the theory.This model is different in that it identifies three activities which acknowledge appointment of the goals of breast feeding by addressing client orientated practices assessing cultural factors affecting the interest to the client and making appropriate judgment closely the topographic point making decision ab out the measures to be taken and taking action as figure outd by the cultural context. The model uses instruction attained through research that identifies areas of congruousness mingled with cultures and nursing rush especially in cultural value, lifestyles and beliefs of the client.In Culture Care Theory, Leininger identifies client caring as the heart of nursing which is unique to the field. While priming this focus, she criticizes the other quaternity nursing concepts of person, environment, nursing and health literary argument that nursing is both a profession and discipline and on that pointfore the term nursing cannot adequately explain the phenomenon of nursing. She views the concept of nursing as make of compassion, interest and concern for flock. In this, concept care becomes underlying activity, the dominant and distinct unifying factor.Secondly, she views culturally founded care as useful for thoroughly health progress even when a client faces argufys such a s handicaps or even when sick to the direct of death. Thirdly, the heal of a client is based on care that is culturally driven and that there is no cure without this nature of care. Fourthly, care that is based on culture is characterized by superness of service delivery, which is holistic and offers invoice to the areas of commonness between the nursing care practices and the culture of the client (Huber, 2006).Leininger views client care as an activity that occurs at bottom a cultural context. She argues that culture is universal and diverse. Due to this, care must adapt to special(prenominal) patterns of behavior distinguishing each order from another. gibe to transcultural scholars culture is distinguished by behavioral issues that are explicitly different from another. Leininger defines culture as the lifeways of an individual or a group with reference to determine, beliefs, norms, patterns, and practices (Leininger 1997, 38).She says that culture is an entity of a gro up of people which is transmit across generations or across groups of members of the familiarity. Leininger also holds the view that in order for nursing care to be effective, there is impoverishment to consider the ethnohistorical factors of the client, which hold a groovy value when examined from the ethnocultural perspectives. The ethnohistorical factors help in arrangement the environmental context which involves the socio governmental, ecological and cultural setting.In order to effectively take in use of the ethnohistory of a alliance she calls for square-toed understanding of past occurrences of an individual and alliance which in one way or another regularises a peoples lifeways. All the environmental factors give sensory faculty to the overall meaning of nursing care. The components which influence the theory are represented in the diagram below educational activityal factors proficient factors Religious & philosophical factors Kinship & fond factors Environme ntal Context, Language & ethnohistory Cultural value, beliefs and lifeways semi semipolitical & Legal factors frugal factors Care expressions patterns & practices holistic wellness/illness and death In the center of care, expressions, patterns and practices is the holistic health or illness or death approach with special focus to individuals, families, groups, communities or institutions founded on generic care, nursing care practices and master copy care practices. These three practices of care are closely influenced by different factors 1. technical factors Technology has been an essential element in offering nursing care.Development of engineering science has enhanced efficiency in trading operations of nurses across the world. Similarly, the quality of operate offered, as well as, the diversity has immensely improved. activity of modern technology enhances operations of nurses especially when the technology is developed in a manner that creates congruence with the cultural values of a particular partnership. However, if technology does not support the cultural values of clients monastic order the nursing care offered whitethorn breach to succeed as required.Even when there is an attempt to form a congruence of the technology and cultural factors, there whitethorn follow differences within groups, individuals and families. 2. Religious or philosophical concepts Understanding cultural values entrenched in the peoples religious practices is necessary to enhancing ethnocultural nursing care. crossways the world people view organized religion as an integral part of their life and seek to form congruence between the religious values and care activities, provided there is room for effectiveness in enhancing a healthy lodge.In addition, philosophical concepts that exist within a society warnmine how the client responds to care. In whatsoever instances, the philosophical doctrine whitethorn help develop congruence between the culture and care but in other instances the aspects may act as a obstruction if active measures are not taken into consideration in severaliseing the inherent gaps and the peoples ideological foundation. at that placefore, there is a need to study the philosophical elements of a culture in which the nursing care need is to be offered. 3.Environmental factors These include social factors and kinship cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways and political and legal factors. The social factors include the issues surround the families or members of the community in their twenty-four hour period to day activities. These include activities such as rituals and nutritional values. These may act as either a boost to nursing care or a deterrent. For instance, whatsoever cultural social practices and beliefs may deter a certain group of a larger society from eating roughly nutritional components, such as fauna proteins.In such spotlights understanding other essential nutritional components that would offer simi lar nutritional value and which is allowable within the society can be encouraged. This helps in avoiding conflict of nursing care practices and cultural values. While the cultural and social factors may be conducive in enhancing care, the political factors may act as a deterrent to effective nursing care. This challenge may be based on the policy development, which may encourage the society to practice certain aspects of care spell preventing others.Policy development may be either based on the cultural values of a society or influenced by the ruling class. Understanding the disparity between the expected crisscross situation in nursing care and the operational opportunities in achieving such a target may be a breakthrough in overcoming political hurdles in the nursing care profession and discipline. 4. Economic factors Delivery of proper nursing care is dependent on the economic authorisation of a family, community or group of people within a community or a nation.The activit ies conducted towards effective nursing care have financial implications, some of which might be beyond the capableness of many clients. In this case, the target world may fail to access the nursing care services (Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and wellness Care, 1994). In other cases, holistic care may be challenged by the floor of financial sacrifice that individuals may be able to make. The nursing care offered may only be relative to the peoples economic prowess and as a result meeting the care target may be challenging.The community or a nation may also be discouraged in offering the comprehensive nursing care, opting to track the funds to other development activities. For instance, the on-going coupled States comprehensive care bowl over is a response to a situation whereby only a few people are able to access comprehensive care, either culture care or otherwise, while the large group of the society remains unable to access the care (Leininger, 1991).The need for such comprehensive care has also raised queries on the plus of national spending. 5. Educational factors The level of information available either to the clients or to the culture care specialists may influence the level of delivery of client care. Leininger argues that comprehensive research is necessary in providing information that would collect filling the gaps between the cultural values or other influencing factor and professional approach to nursing care.In a community where sufficient research is conducted to identify common areas of interest or similarities, the services offered would be in less conflict with the communitys cultural values and thus increase the possibility of holistic approach to client health. Similarly, the level of education of clients would influence the level of adherence to the nursing care practices, which would directly impact on the health of the individuals or community (Leininger, 1991). change magnitude levels of literacy in culture care among clients and nurses offer a common platform for nursing care service delivery.The culture care theory has to date stood out as the most widely used and established theory used by nurses world wide. According to research on the influence of the theory in development of the nursing profession, many nurses believe that the theory has made the highest level of break-through in enhancing health practices through the 20th century and even acquire much more attention in the 21st century (Bolsher & Pharris, 2008). Leininger gives an example of the lineament that the approach played after the mischievous terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 in United States.In the contemporary, there has been increased need to understand factors surrounding the motive nookie increased hatred which has led to transcultural hatred and subsequent killing of acquitted people. Due to this transcultural knowledge for use worldwide has been essential in the care and nursing profession. The theory has be en applied in broader and holistic manner in efforts to bankrupt and offers substantial care to clients of different cultures (Leininger, 1991). In advancing the field of research, the theory has provided a basis of research in the profligate developing discipline of transcultural nursing.This research has been useful in enriching the discipline with field of study for which it is gradually transforming the field and profession of nursing. There is progressive change in the nursing practices and thus contributing to a healthy population across cultural divide. notably so far, the information gained through transcultural research exceed the full use as nurses trained in this field continue to look for more ways of putting the concepts into practices. Interestingly, the theory is further being applied by other nursing theorist to advance a holistic approach to client health (Leininger, 1991).In conclusion, all the components influencing the quality of nursing care are based on th e societys cultural and social morphologic dimensions. This approach to nursing care puts Leininger at a very central grade especially so through the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality. References Andrews, M. & Boyle, J. (2007). transcultural concepts in nursing care. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Bolsher, S. & Pharris, M. (2008). Transforming Nursing Education The Culturally Inclusive Environment. Springer publication Company.Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and health Care. (1994). The journal of multicultural nursing & health official journal of the Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care, Inc, Volumes 1-3. Riley Publications. Huber, D. (2006). Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Leininger, M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality A theory ofnursing. New York subject area League for Nursing Press. Leininger, M. (1997). Overview and reflection of the theory of culture care and the ethnonursing re search method. daybook of Transcultural Nursing,8(2), 32-51.